Understanding Home Equity: HELOC vs. Home Equity Loan
Your home equity is the difference between your property's current appraised market value and your outstanding mortgage balance. Tapping home equity is one of the lowest-cost borrowing methods available because the loan is secured by your residential real estate.
HELOC vs. Home Equity Loan: Key Differences
- HELOC (Home Equity Line of Credit): Functions like a credit card with a revolving credit line. During the Draw Period (typically 5 to 10 years), you borrow what you need and usually pay interest only on what you use. During the Repayment Period (10 to 20 years), the line closes and you pay both principal and interest. Most traditional HELOCs feature variable interest rates, though modern fintech lenders like Figure now offer fixed-rate draws.
- Home Equity Loan (Second Mortgage): You receive a single lump-sum payout at closing with a fixed interest rate and fixed monthly payment over a 10 to 30-year term. Lenders like Discover offer zero closing costs.
Combined Loan-to-Value (CLTV) Ratios
Lenders evaluate your borrowing power using your CLTV ratio. Most institutions cap total borrowing at 80% to 85% of your home's appraised value:
- Example: If your home is worth $500,000 and your primary mortgage balance is $300,000:
- At an 85% max CLTV ($425,000 total debt allowance), your maximum equity line is $125,000 ($425,000 minus $300,000).
IRS Tax Deductibility Rules
Under current IRS tax guidelines, interest paid on a HELOC or home equity loan is only tax-deductible if the borrowed funds are used strictly to buy, build, or substantially improve the residence that secures the debt. If you use equity to consolidate credit cards or pay tuition, the interest is not tax-deductible.
Frequently Asked Questions
What credit score do I need for a HELOC? Most traditional banks require a minimum FICO score of 680 to qualify for competitive rates and high LTVs. Digital lenders like Figure can approve borrowers starting at 620 to 680 depending on the property equity buffer.
What happens if home prices drop after I take out a HELOC? If local home prices decline significantly, your lender reserves the legal right to freeze or reduce your available credit line to prevent you from being underwater.